PSY 101 IDEA SOLUTION

IDEA SOLUTION:

• Naturalistic Observation

Definition:

Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment. This type of research is often utilized in situations where conducting lab research is unrealistic, cost prohibitive or would unduly affect the subject's behavior

Naturalistic observation differs from structured observation in that it involves looking at a behavior as it occurs in its natural setting with no attempts at intervention on the part of the researcher. One of the advantages of this type of research is that it allows the researcher to directly observe the subject in a natural setting.

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For examples:

As an example of naturalistic observation, the study of parent-child interaction may involve videotaping the parent and child in their home either as they go about their daily routine or as they perform an activity given to them by the researcher. These videotaped interactions can then be taken back to the laboratory and analyzed using a variety of techniques in order to extract the desired information from them. This particular research technique has the advantage of making it easier for research participants to be involved in the study.

• Self-Actualization

Self actualization resides at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs - becoming '"fully human"...maturity or self-actualization'^[14] - and is considered a part of the humanistic approach to personality. Humanistic psychology is one of several methods used in psychology for studying, understanding, and evaluating personality.

For example

So for example, I love to write and to practice
law. I am doing both now, each part time. I believe that I have a vocation
to be both an author and an attorney. I love doing both, and, I Self-
Actualize doing both. I find my True Self, practicing law and writing.

• Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a form of psychological learning where an individual modifies the occurrence and form of its own behavior due to the association of the behavior with a stimulus. Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning (also called respondent conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior" or operant behavior. Operant behavior "operates" on the environment and is maintained by its consequences, while classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of reflexive (reflex) behaviors which are elicited by antecedent conditions. Behaviors conditioned via a classical conditioning procedure are not maintained by consequences.^[1]

^{For example}

Examples of Positive Reinforcement
    
       We may continue to go to work each day because we receive a paycheck on a weekly or montly basis.   If we receive awards for writing short stories, we may be more likely to increase the frequency of writing short stories.  Receiving praise for our karaoke performances can increase how often we sing.  These are all examples of positive reinforcement.

• Empathy

Empathy is the capacity to recognize and, to some extent, share feelings (such as sadness or happiness) that are being experienced by another sentient or semi-sentient being. Someone may need to have a certain amount of empathy before they are able to feel compassion.

For Example:

• "I'm so sorry for that inconvenience. Let me see what I can do for you today."

• "I'm so sorry that this happened and I will do my best to fix this situation"

• "I'm so sorry that happened to you."

• Projection:

Psychological projection or projection bias is a psychological defense mechanism where a person unconsciously denies his or her own attributes, thoughts, and emotions, which are then ascribed to the outside world, such as to other people. Thus, projection involves imagining or projecting the belief that others have those feelings.^[1]
Projection reduces anxiety by allowing the expression of the unwanted unconscious impulses or desires without letting the conscious mind recognize them.

For example:

An example of this behavior might be blaming another for self failure. The mind may avoid the discomfort of consciously admitting personal faults by keeping those feelings unconscious, and by redirecting libidinal satisfaction by attaching, or "projecting," those same faults onto another person or object.

• Observational Learning

Observational learning is a type of learning in which a person learns new information and behaviors by observing the behaviors of others

For example;

There are many possible examples of observational learning.  Observational learning is a process in which a person observes another person's behavior and the consequences of the behavior.  If the consequences are positive, the person may imitate the behavior.
       Imagine you wish to be a comic.  You observe comics at an open mike event.  This allows you to gain insight into the statements and behaviors of people who strive to be funny.  This is one example of observational learning.

• Inferiority Complex

Inferiority Complex: Inferiority Complex is a term used to describe people who compensate for feelings of inferiority (feeling like they're less than other people, not as good as others, worthless, etc.) by acting ways that make them appear superior. They do this because controlling others may help them feel less personally inadequate.

An inferiority complex, in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis, is a feeling that one is inferior to others in some way. Such feelings can arise from an imagined or actual inferiority in the afflicted person. It is often subconscious, and is thought to drive afflicted individuals to overcompensate, resulting either in spectacular achievement or extreme schizotypal behavior, or both. Unlike a normal feeling of inferiority, which can act as an incentive for achievement (or promote discouragement), an inferiority complex is an advanced state of discouragement, often embedding itself into one's lifestyle, and sometimes resulting in a retreat from difficulties.

For Example; Examples of INFERIORITY COMPLEX

His shyness is the result of an inferiority complex

The Super-ego aims for perfectionIt comprises that organised part of the personality structure, mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes the individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic agency (commonly called "conscience") that criticises and prohibits his or her drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions. 'The Super-ego can be thought of as a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt. For example, for having extra-marital affairs'

the superego is the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society. The superego works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically.

Classical conditioning is a type of conditioning and learning process in which something (conditioned stimulus) that had not previously produced a particular response becomes associated with something (unconditioned stimulus) that produces the response.  As a result, the conditioned stimulus will elicit the response that the unconditioned stimulus produces

For example;

Now imagine you went on a date at a restaurant where the food was very good.  You really like the person and wish to go on another date with the person.  It is possible that your liking for the person is partly a reflection of classical conditioning.   The food at the restaurant can be considered an unconditioned stimulus that naturally produces a pleasant feeling

Reinforcement is a term in operant conditioning and behavior analysis for the process of increasing the rate or probability of a behavior (e.g. pulling a lever more frequently) by the delivery or emergence of a stimulus (e.g. a candy) immediately or shortly after the behavior, called a "response," is performed.

A reinforcer is a stimulus that follows some behavior and increases the probability that the behavior will occur. For example, when a dog's owner is trying to teach the dog to sit on command, the owner may give the dog a treat every time the dog sits when commanded to do so. The treat reinforces the desired behavior.